On Marvel, Hollywood and the Dehumanisation of Muslims

<div class="post-content"> <div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-1" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><div> <h4 data-fontsize="18" data-lineheight="23.94px" style="--fontSize: 18; line-height: 1.33; --minFontSize: 18;" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><em>Shaf Choudry describes how films such as Marvel’s Iron Man fit within a long-running project of Hollywood projecting and reinforcing dehumanising depictions of Muslim populations, in line with American foreign policy aims.</em></h4> </div> <h5 data-fontsize="16" style="--fontSize: 16; line-height: 1.13; --minFontSize: 16;" data-lineheight="18.08px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><em>This article is published as part of CAGE’s new series of expert essays ‘<a href="http://cage.ngo/perspectives">Perspectives on the War On Terror</a>‘.</em></h5> <h4 data-fontsize="18" style="--fontSize: 18; line-height: 1.33; --minFontSize: 18;" data-lineheight="23.94px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"></h4> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-2" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p class="entry-title fusion-post-title" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42"><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you’re on Twitter or any form of social media it’s hard to avoid the hype around Marvel’s <em>WandaVision</em> which has been received as a critical and commercial success. </span></p> <p class="entry-title fusion-post-title" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Streaming on Disney+, WandaVision marks the start of Phase Four of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchise. </span></p> <p class="entry-title fusion-post-title" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The MCU movies, across its twenty-three movies and box office revenue over $22 billion, is not only a commercial success but a significant cultural reference point.<br> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">But how many of us are aware of the subtle (and not so subtle) otherisation and demonisation of Muslims in the MCU? </span></p> <p class="entry-title fusion-post-title" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Is it possible that Marvel Studios are guilty of framing Muslims as threats to a Western way of life or as terrorists?</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Is it all a coincidence? Or like Thanos, is it… inevitable? </span></p> <p class="entry-title fusion-post-title" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42"><span style="font-weight: 400;">This and other examples of Muslims being used as a plot device invoking the War on Terror are unpacked below.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-3" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><b>Origin Stories</b></h3> </div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-4" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let us start at the beginning by considering the plot of 2008’s<em> Iron Man</em>, which marks the start of Phase One of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Iron Man sets the scene and foundation for the subsequent thirteen years of the MCU. It was s</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">ignificant for several reasons, predominantly because Iron Man was the first release from Marvel Studios that had recently consolidated all writing, production, and editorial decisions under Marvel’s own control. </span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first" style="width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-5" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phase One of the MCU also came with a promise that the movies would be faithful adaptations of the source materials, having Stan Lee’s rich corpus of Marvel Comics to draw from.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you cast your mind back thirteen years, you will recall that the movie establishes our protagonist Tony Stark and his motivations in donning the technologically advanced suit of armour to become Iron Man. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The origin story goes like this; (spoiler alert) Tony Stark, of Stark Industries is kidnapped and is held in a cave somewhere in Afghanistan by the Ten Rings Group led by the keffiyeh wearing Raza. </span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last" style="width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-6" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><span style="color: #999999;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">“This is not art imitating life, rather a formal symbiosis established between the U.S. Department of Defense and Hollywood in the years following 9/11.”</span></em></span></h3> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-7" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stark is then ordered to recreate sophisticated weaponry a la Stark Industries with the help of an Afghan scientist named Yinsen. Given that the movie was released in 2008, the US and allies were already seven years into their campaign in Afghanistan, it <a href="https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/how-many-muslim-stereotypes-can-iron-man-3-cram-into-20-seconds">came as no surprise</a> to audiences that the antagonists were hiding in Afghan caves. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It just made sense. But did it really?</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-8" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><b>The War in Vietnam/Afghanistan</b></h3> </div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-9" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If we compare the source material, the original Iron Man comic released forty years prior to the movie in 1968, we find some differences that </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">don’t</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> make sense. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tony Stark is kidnapped and held in a cave, but not in Afghanistan – according to the comic the cave is in Vietnam. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scary looking Raza wearing his keffiyeh speaking in Arabic? Nope, according to the comic his name is Wong Chu. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">What about the Afghan scientist who sacrifices himself to secure Iron Man’s release, Yinsen? Almost, in the comic his name is Ho Yinsen.&nbsp;</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first" style="width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-10" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" class="" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 346px; height: 654px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;" title="Twitter Tweet" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=UK_CAGE&amp;dnt=false&amp;embedId=twitter-widget-0&amp;features=eyJ0ZndfdGltZWxpbmVfbGlzdCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOltdLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2ZvbGxvd2VyX2NvdW50X3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9iYWNrZW5kIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19yZWZzcmNfc2Vzc2lvbiI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZm9zbnJfc29mdF9pbnRlcnZlbnRpb25zX2VuYWJsZWQiOnsiYnVja2V0Ijoib24iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X21peGVkX21lZGlhXzE1ODk3Ijp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRyZWF0bWVudCIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X3Nob3dfYmlyZHdhdGNoX3Bpdm90c19lbmFibGVkIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19kdXBsaWNhdGVfc2NyaWJlc190b19zZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdXNlX3Byb2ZpbGVfaW1hZ2Vfc2hhcGVfZW5hYmxlZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdmlkZW9faGxzX2R5bmFtaWNfbWFuaWZlc3RzXzE1MDgyIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRydWVfYml0cmF0ZSIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfbGVnYWN5X3RpbWVsaW5lX3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9mcm9udGVuZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9fQ%3D%3D&amp;frame=false&amp;hideCard=false&amp;hideThread=false&amp;id=1274091687376302080&amp;lang=en&amp;origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cage.ngo%2Fon-marvel-hollywood-and-the-dehumanisation-of-muslims&amp;sessionId=8b015c8cd8cd706c1e5b577da24e7b4ecacbf56d&amp;siteScreenName=UK_CAGE&amp;theme=light&amp;widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&amp;width=550px" data-tweet-id="1274091687376302080"></iframe></div> <p><script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last" style="width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-11" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It doesn’t take a historian to deduce that 1968 was the height of the costly and seemingly unending war in Vietnam. Public opinion was vehemently against the war given the cost, both in fatalities and dollars. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That Stan Lee wrote Iron Man as a piece of nationalistic propaganda to warn us of the ‘communist threat’ and to galvanise public support doesn’t seem so far-fetched. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">That Marvel Studios subsequently replaced the ‘western threat’ from Vietnamese to Afghan in line with the geopolitics du jour is shocking, if not unexpected. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given the parallels between the war in Vietnam and the war in Afghanistan, the similarities one might say, are stark.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As Tony Stark proclaims in the movie “I prefer the weapon you only have to fire once”, and so it seems that in this case two birds, forty years apart, can indeed be killed with one stone.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first" style="width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-12" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><b>The Hollywood Industrial Complex</b></h3> </div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-13" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Examples of how Muslims have been used as props or backdrops to further geopolitical narratives are easy to find. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Conducting research for a forthcoming report from <a href="https://www.riztest.com">the Riz Test</a>, we have analysed over 1,100 movies and TV shows from the last 120 years, with our headline finding being that 87% of the movies that qualify fail the Riz Test.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first" style="width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-14" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One pattern that exists in our data is the use of Muslims as disposable narrative props to guilt-wash Western sensitivities.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We see this in <em>Three Kings</em> (1999) which sought to humanise the lives of the Iraqi people through the lens of three American soldiers on a quest to recover stolen Kuwaiti gold. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This narrative subversion was lauded by Bill Clinton in a 2000 interview “I loved that aspect of Three Kings. The biggest problem in human society is fear and distrust and dehumanization and violence against the Other. And that is a big problem. So, what we have to learn to do… is to actively celebrate our differences.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These honourable intentions are somewhat undermined by the fact that Dr Jack Shaheen, when asked to review the original script by Warner Brothers, noted that 100 of the 136 pages depicted Iraqis killing Iraqis, or GIs killing Iraqis.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last" style="width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-15" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-1" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" class="" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 346px; height: 519px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;" title="Twitter Tweet" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=UK_CAGE&amp;dnt=false&amp;embedId=twitter-widget-1&amp;features=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%3D%3D&amp;frame=false&amp;hideCard=false&amp;hideThread=false&amp;id=970461390283587585&amp;lang=en&amp;origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cage.ngo%2Fon-marvel-hollywood-and-the-dehumanisation-of-muslims&amp;sessionId=8b015c8cd8cd706c1e5b577da24e7b4ecacbf56d&amp;siteScreenName=UK_CAGE&amp;theme=light&amp;widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&amp;width=550px" data-tweet-id="970461390283587585"></iframe></div> <p><script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-16" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Either way, Hollywood deemed Iraqi blood as a necessary pre-requisite to alleviate American collective guilt regarding the role of their Army in invading Iraq and its subsequent devastation.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first" style="width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-17" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><span style="color: #999999;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Hollywood deemed Iraqi blood as a necessary pre-requisite to alleviate American collective guilt regarding the role of their Army in invading Iraq and its subsequent devastation.”</span></em></span></h3> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last" style="width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-18" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another more nefarious example of this is 2014’s <em>American Sniper</em> where we are asked to sympathise with Chris Kyle, the most lethal sniper in US military history. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Or <em>The Siege</em> from 1998 where Hollywood fantasises about Arab internment camps, where the only good Muslim is one who is survived by his proximity to the FBI, whiskey in hand. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Again in <em>To Protect and Serve</em> (1992) where Muslims are the enemy next door, again in <em>True Lies</em> (1994) with the Crimson Jihad group, again in <em>Black Hawk Down</em> (2001), again in 152 more examples in the space of twenty years (1990 – 2010).&nbsp;</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-19" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As Nikki Tabibian outlines in her 2017 paper <a href="http://www.thereviewanddebatesatnyu.com/all/2017/5/12/on-the-hollywood-industrial-complex"><em>On the </em></a></span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hollywood Industrial Complex</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">this is not art imitating life, rather a formal symbiosis established between the U.S. Department of Defense and Hollywood in the years following 9/11.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start" style="max-width:1123.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% / 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% / 2 );"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-20" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><h3 style="text-align: center; --fontSize: 26; line-height: 1.62;" data-fontsize="26" data-lineheight="42.12px" class="fusion-responsive-typography-calculated"><b>Conclusion</b></h3> </div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-21" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For the purists amongst us, it was not sin enough that Marvel stray from the source material for the Iron Man movie, but the temptation was also too great for Marvel not to lean into the geopolitics of the day. The movie is imbued with tropes that align the audience against the Afghans and sympathise with the emergent superhero – as if so say that the collateral damage was worth it in the end.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We see this again <a href="https://5pillarsuk.com/2018/02/23/black-panther-the-same-old-western-politics-with-a-black-face/">ten years later</a> in <em>Black Panther</em> (2018) where a Boko Haram-esque group hold a gun to a hostage shouting “Wallahi I will kill her”. It appears that even in the world of make0believe and fantasy where anything is possible, the War on Terror remains an ever-present and unshakable backdrop when it comes to Muslims.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the surface it may feel unfair to critically re-watch movies without the anchor of their context, but given that these are trends that transcend decades, it is necessary to critically engage with an industry that is heavily invested in framing Muslims in such narrow terms.</span></p> </div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-22" style="transform:translate3d(0,0,0);"><p><em>Image used courtesy of Flickr/<a href="https://flic.kr/p/cE7egQ">Kentucky National Guard Public Affairs Office</a>&nbsp;</em></p> </div></div></div><style type="text/css">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-17{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-17 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}</style></div><style type="text/css">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-6{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}</style></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); padding: 0px; min-height: 0px;"><div class="fusion-person person fusion-person-center fusion-person-1 fusion-person-icon-top"><style>.fusion-person-1 .imageframe-liftup:before{-webkit-border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%;</style><div class="person-shortcode-image-wrapper imageframe-liftup"><div class="person-image-container person-rounded-overflow" style="-webkit-border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%;border:0px solid #f6f6f6;-webkit-border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%;"><img class="person-img img-responsive wp-image-28436" width="400" height="400" src="https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-400x400.png" alt="Shaf Choudry" srcset="https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-200x200.png 200w, https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-400x400.png 400w, https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-600x600.png 600w, https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-800x800.png 800w, https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry-1200x1200.png 1200w, https://www.cage.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Shaf-Choudry.png 1333w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1200px"></div></div><div class="person-desc" style="background-color:#f7f7f7;padding:40px;margin-top:0;"><div class="person-author"><div class="person-author-wrapper"><span class="person-name">Shaf Choudry</span><span class="person-title">Cofounder, The Riz Test </span></div></div><div class="person-content fusion-clearfix">Shaf Choudry is a technologist with over fifteen years’ experience managing digital transformation projects and big data systems.<p></p> <p>He is cofounder of The Riz Test and the Seen on Screen Institute which researches the way that Muslims are portrayed on Film, TV and Videogames </p></div></div></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy" style="background-position: left top; 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